Thus, an osteochondral xenograft produced as described has the potential for further development into a treatment for osteochondral lesions in the human knee. In vivo immunogenicity was assessed by subcutaneous implantation into DBA/1 J mice, and the response was typical of a foreign body rather than immune reaction. The second cervical (C2) vertebra is called the axis, because it serves as the axis for rotation when turning the head toward the right or left. Mechanical testing of cartilage and bone were performed separately, in addition to testing the cartilage–bone interface, and the main effect of antigen removal was an increase in cartilage hydraulic permeability. The inferior articular processes are flat and face downward to join with the superior articular processes of the C2 vertebra. Quantitatively, the antigen removal protocol was found to extract approximately 90% of DNA from cartilage and bone, and it extracted over 80% of glycosaminoglycan from cartilage. Cytoplasmic protein was completely removed as shown by Western blot. Immunohistochemistry revealed the apparent retention of α‐Gal within osteocyte lacunae unless the tissue underwent an additional α‐galactosidase processing step. Histology demonstrated a preservation of collagenous structure and removal of most nuclei. The purpose was to evaluate a simple antigen removal procedure based mainly on treatment with SDS and nucleases. Given the limited availability of fresh osteochondral allografts and uncertainty regarding performance of decellularized allografts, this study was undertaken as part of an effort to develop an osteochondral xenograft for articular cartilage repair.
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